Orientalists believing in the influences of Christianity on the early Islam can be divided into various groups, some of whom believe in the influence of Apocryphal Gospels, specifically Infancy Gospels. Stating that the Quran should be understood in terms of the Biblical literature, Gabriel Reynolds explains the Quranic verses dealing with the birth, childhood and guardianship over Mary (“ Ā l-i 'imrā n” : 35-44) in the light of an Infancy Gospel known as Protevangelium of James. Some criticisms can be directed to these explanations, which reveal how Reynolds ignored some portions of Bible.

Gabriel Saeed Reynolds, one of the prolific Western Qur'anic scholars, believes that "Muhammad" in the Qur'an is not a Proper noun, but an adjective meaning "praised". Reynolds has expressed this view, which was raised by some other orientalists before him, in the book of the Qur'an and its biblical subtext. The underlying belief of Reynolds is the theory that the Qur'an should not be understood and interpreted in the light of later sources, i.e. interpretations and prophetic traditions and other Islamic sources, but only with regard to literature older than itself, i.e. biblical and post-biblical sources. Reynolds accepts many of the intellectual foundations of the revisionists and opposes the traditionalists. In the present article, after the brief introduction of the Qur'an and its biblical subtext, Reynolds' intellectual foundations have been presented and criticized. Then, Reynolds's view about the name of the Prophet in the Qur'an is mentioned and the question is answered whether the word "Muhammad" in the Qur'an refers to the name of the Prophet of Islam or not. The result of the investigation is that Reynolds has adopted an incorrect method in proving his point of view, which not only does not remove ambiguity from the Qur'an; Rather, it adds to its ambiguity. He refers to the names of some prophets and the names of places in the Qur'an to conclude that Muhammad is not a noun, but a title. This statement is incorrect; Because the names like Talut and Saleh that Reynolds cites are Proper nouns and even if they are adjectives, they are well-known and common adjectives in the Arabic language; Unlike Muhammad, which does not have a descriptive use in Arabic.

Angels as holy and heavenly creatures, from the old time, make human mind thoughtful about themselves. Before advent of Islam, these holy creatures was carved on rock in the mountain and potteries, but after emergence of Islam, in particular after Illkhanid till now these creatures appeared as they appear today, based on Holy Quran verses and Islamic narratives in paintings. Before contemporary painting, Angelology receive little attention as a major subject fot painting and they just deprived because of their functionparticularly Gabriel that appeared more and more because of his major role for inspirationfor inspiring holy person such as holy prophet Muhammad (pbuh) and…. So the aim of this essay is to study Gabriel - cause of his major role that lead painters depicted him a lotin Suhrawardu Illuminism and Painting Art. Therefore, the body of this essay is as follow: At first, studying Gabreil -noor e aghrab- in Suhrawadri Illuminism. Then, studying him in painting art based on Holy Quran verses and islamic narratives. Finally, we aim to mention their similarities and differences if possilble.

The twentieth-century French philosopher Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973), in her philosophical work, distinguished between "decision" and "mystery", the interrelationship of love from the mysteries of mystery. In his view, "mystery" is something that cannot be solved by common methods in science and the realm of early thought; rather, it must be acknowledged that it must be considered in the realm of a secondary thought. In Marcel's view, too, the secret of love belongs to the realm of "being," not to the realm of "having." In this article, in a descriptive-analytical way, we have tried to express the general lines of his thought in this regard and its epistemological implications from the perspective of human relations and acceptance of the existence of others in the romantic network between human beings and acceptance of the existence of a transcendent being in supernatural love. Let us also discuss the negation of skepticism and the proof of the existence of the world and the abandonment of Descartes' belief in subjectivity and subjectivism.

There are reports in sunni narrative sources which show the prophet would present revealed verses to Gabriel,in other reports it was Gabriel who would recite the verses to the prophet before these verses would be revealed to him,in sunni sources the subject of presentation of Quran to the prophet by Gabriel or vice versa has found deep relation in some of quranic arguments such as:reciting,versions of reciting,collection of Quran by osman,and some people gaining credit via this,Associating " presentation issue " with these arguments shows the importance of examining the matter,whether one trusts or not can influence our views regarding these subjects and we can shed some light on them,this written piece is an analytical critical attempt to examine the problem of presentation,its position and effects on some Quranic issues,the results show presentation has no place in shia groups and it is open to criticism due to weak narration documents and errors in citations,even if one trusts its issue,interpretations which occur differently and involve other matters make credibility hard and weak,

Introduction: To identify complications requiring early reoperation and to determine associated risk factors in the pediatric surgery of the teaching hospital Gabriel Toure. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of children 0-15 years old during 4 years (January 2014 to December 2017) presenting with a postoperative complication requiring a reoperation and taken care of during the period of study. Observation of bowels or the liquid stools through the opened wound, the presence of air-fluid levels on an abdominal plain X-ray and the absence of resumption of intestinal transit allowed us to make a decision to re-operate. Results: We have re-intervened on 103 patients because of early postoperative complication out of 4730 cases of pediatric surgery carried out in this hospital during these 4 years. This represented 1. 54 % of our total surgical activities. The average age of our patients was a 5. 2± 2. 3 year ranging from 2 months to 15 years. The sex ratio was 0. 94. Eighty four (81. 55 %) of our patients were admitted and operated on emergently. Peritonitis due to digestive system perforation represented 45. 28 % of the indications for reoperation followed by the acute intestinal intussusceptions (10. 7 %) and traumatic eviscerations (9. 7 %). The average duration before the first intervention was 80± 13. 6mn. The postoperative evisceration was the 1st cause of reoperation followed by the post-operative peritonitis and then post-operative intestinal obstruction. The average time to reoperation was 6. 9 ± 4. 2 days. Conclusion: In our hospital risk of reoperation has an association with: indication of first surgery, operating technique, experience of the surgeon, malnutrition and anemia (p<0. 05). On the other hand sex, age and the duration of surgery have no effect on early reoperation (p > 0. 05).

Several studies of compressible flows show that the pressure-strain is the main indicator of the structural compressibility effects. Undoubtedly, this term controls the change in the Reynolds stress anisotropy. Regarding the model of Adumitroiae et al., the slow part of the pressure strain correlation like the Rotta model uses the standard coefficient C1. The model predictions do not show large differences when compressibility increases. Correction of this coefficient using the turbulent Mach number is proposed. The two forms models of Adumitroiae et al. (with and without correction of C1) are considered to study compressible mixing layers. The obtained results show that the predictions of the proposed compressibility correction model agree with the experiment results of Goebel and Dutton.

Gabriel Marcel is a contemporary French philosopher, musician, and playwright. There is a close relationship between his philosophical and artistic works. It can even be said that reading his dramas provides a ground for understanding his philosophical concepts. One of the favorite philosophical themes for Marcel is “ man” and his relationship with the other. Man is a unique subject, not an isolated one; he is not an Island. Through the history of philosophy, this man, the subject, and his relation to others has been an object of philosophical inquiries. From the cradle to the grave, there has been no time man has been absolutely alone. So his being is a being– through others and his existence implies the existence of others. This has been the gospel of contemporary existentialists, including Gabriel Marcel whose existentialism is basically theistic. In his view, the individual becomes aware of himself through social circumstances. Marcel developed the I-Thou relationship, which became an attempt to restore the fragmented and fallen dignity of the interpersonal relationship. Moreover, Marcel reflected upon certain experiences metaphysically implied in the I-Thou relationship. These form the foundations or basis of any authentic mode of interpersonal relationship. However, my relationship with others is determined by the type of relationship that exists between us. In other words, I, as a human being, can exist or act in one of the two ways: I can exist and relate lovingly and authentically with others, which Marcel calls the I-Thou relationship; or I can relate inauthentically to others-as I would relate to any object, tool, or instrument-which is the I– it (or he or she) relationship. Marcel's plays do not provide answers; rather, they do suggest paths for reflection, through which we might discover an authentic response to the challenge of the dramatic situation. The situations we witness in Marcel's plays often show us how relationships can go sour and become inauthentic. The story of the play affects us, because we recognize aspects of ourselves in the characters. What Marcel shows us in his plays (the comedies excepted) is the darker side of interpersonal relationships. There is always room for hope, but hope does not take away the suffering and pain people inflict on themselves and others. In his plays, Marcel shows great respect for what he calls human dignity. He does not judge, but simply shows us how people are, and, consequently, how we ourselves could be as well. Watching or reading a Marcel’ s play makes us feel slightly uncomfortable. What we see or read confronts us with ourselves and forces us to think about issues that have to do with relationships. In this paper, the way this issue has reflected in his drama, Dot the I, has been investigated.

Le nom est la premiè re notion identitaire. Mais il existe des artistes qui n'ont pas signé leurs oeuvres de leur vrai nom. La cré ation d'un nom artistique est en soi un fait poé tique mais lorsque l’ emploi du nom masculin devient courant chez les femmes, il dé tient aussi d’ autres significations. Aurore Dupin, l’ une d’ elles, a publié ses é crits sous le pseudonyme de George Sand et ce faisant, a donné ce nom à son identité litté raire et sociale. Le lien entre le nom et l'identité marque particuliè rement l'une de ses oeuvres, Gabriel. Il s’ agit de l'histoire d'une femme qui mè ne une double vie par le biais du nom que lui a donné l’ auteure, ce qui constitue le point commun entre celle-ci et son personnage. Mais leur diffé rence psychologique fait du personnage une anti-hé roï ne auprè s du lecteur et de celle-là une é crivaine conformiste sur les motivations de qui nous avons lieu de nous interroger. Le pré sent article, envisage le personnage comme le double de l’ auteure et essaie de dé couvrir le rapport existant entre ces deux. Il trace aussi l'horizon de l'attente du lecteur.